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Historical records include many references to engineering feats undertaken by ancient civilizations to collect and convey water. Archaeological explorations indicate an understanding of drainage principles existing very early in human history. For example, a concrete sewer arch constructed about 3750 B.C. was unearthed in an excavation at Nippur, India. Another excavation in Tell Asmar, near Baghdad, exposed a concrete sewer constructed in 2600 B.C. The Minoans, who lived in Crete about 1700 B.C., were master builders and installed elaborate systems of concrete drains which carried sewage and drainage.
Most renowned of the early construction efforts were the concrete aqueducts of Rome. The water carried by these aqueducts was used primarily as a supply of drinking water and to carry sewage through Rome's main sewer, the Cloacae Maxima was built in 800 B.C. Ancient Rome had eleven major aqueducts built between 312 B.C. and 226 A.D. Ancient Rome's longest concrete aqueduct was 59 miles.
The greatest advancement in drainage systems is by far concrete pipe. Concrete sewer pipe was developed during the 19th century after the public became conscious of the needs for sanitation. Many of the concrete pipelines installed in New England during latter half of the 19th century are still in use today. Because of the international organization, American Society of Testing and Materials (A.S.T.M.) concrete pipe as well as all concrete structures far surpass those created in the past.